Development Of Psychological Thoughts In The Philippines

Development Of Psychological Thoughts In The PhilippinesIt started during the 1980s. In the context of Philippine colonial education, Filipinos look at that scientific psychology came from the West. Murray Bartlett, an American established undergraduate psychology courses in the College of Education, University of the Philippines. American textbooks and English talking to were employ as the medium of instruction. The good issue here is that literary writing was in Filipino language that was in dominance. Francis Burton Harrisons policy of attraction was also introduced during this condemnation.1The works of del Pilar, Jacinto and Pardo de Tavera were rich sources of psychological theories even though they were propagandists and not psychologists. Even Gen. Emilio Aguinaldo mentioned the term Psicologos del verbo Tagalog in his speech. They were not title holders in psychological science but they still have this innate nature. The English language and the American system of Educ ation were the instruments used. During the twenties American psychology t singlelyers were replaced by Filipinos.2The Philippine objection to uncritical importation of Americans Psychological models challenged many of the Filipinos. The number 1 attempt was through by Sinsiforo Padilla who took over from Alonzos position as a chairman at the University of the Philippines. Nevertheless, it was his colleague piece of musicuel Carreon who took the cudgels for appropriate relevant psychological testing. 1926 he published in spic-and-span York his Ph.D. entitled the Philippine Studies in Mental Measurement. The arguments he presented was valid but the his wrong move was he published it in English. Nobody listened to him because during that time close of psychologists were ahead and they administered American tests. Some understood eccentric of Carreons message were modified to fit the Philippine context. change-apples-to-bananas3Isidoro Panlasigui identified the new nicety of ps ychological science. The third generation of American brainwashed Filipino psychologists like Panlasigui. Due to this, Panlasigui admires America and it was clearly showed when he wrote more or less the psychology of the Filipino as he fought for the colonial language to be used.Alfredo V. Lagmay and his colleagues were sent to the United States not to neutralize the de popment. Lagmay analyze Psychology in Harvard where he was trained in the argona of Experigenial Psychology. He came back to the Philippines during the woeful unrest under Hukbalahap with Luis Taruc, as the head. During that time, the Department of Psychology in the University of the Philippines was part of the College of Education. It was then Lagmays first move to transfer it to the College of Liberal Arts by changing the educational point of view to a more scientific basis of orientation. Experimental Psychology is now an integral part of the undergraduate curriculum in Philippine schools and it was because of him. The U.P Department of Psychology was perceived as mienal orientation form the 50s up to early 70s. His students continued some remarkable and significant studies in the field.4The History and Lines of Filiations in Philippine Psychological ThoughtPsychology-AcademicThis manifestation of psychology became part of university curriculum under Francisco Benitez during 1922. It was first taught in the University of the Philippines as a part of the education curriculum. This is the period wherein several studies in psychology such as Experimental Psychology, Educational Psychology and Psychology of Advice Giving were introduced. It was said that the Western Psychology first entered the UP system but it was spread widely in UST (University of Sto. Tomas) and University of San Carlos in Cebu. During the year of 1954, Joseph Goertz established the Department of Psychology and used English as the medium of teaching. On the opposite hand, in the midst of its issue in Manila this disci pline was also introduced as a course in the University of St. Louis in Cordillera. It was facilitated by Fr. Evarist Louis a missionary priest.5Psychology-Academic PhilosophyHowever, Psychology-Academic Philosophy was established first at University of Sto. Tomas by Spaniards and improved by the Jesuits. This face was older than the aspect mentioned before. It started and founded in many universities like UST (University of Sto. Tomas) and other Spanish institutions like San Ignacio and San Jose. In such institutions the medical and school of thought courses started. The ideas and written records on that time were seen to be related to Psychology. In a deeper analysis those can contain the substance of life before. It includes the language , how the indio perceive the opinion of self ,its criticisms and the activities of the ancient civilization.Ethnic PsychologyThe third aspect of Psychology cognise as Ethnic Psychology. It originates from the Filipinos and through the influe nce of other countries. It is not moreover older but also much(prenominal) complicated comp ared to the precedent aspects. It has many strands to be entangled and one of those is the psychology that came from the Filipinos themselves. An indigenous psychology that is owned or influenced by other countries. The language is a cone attributing actor especially those activities that can show the collective experiences of Filipinos. The works of Jose Rizal and Isabelo de los Reyes were consisted of Filipino Psychology and it was greatly connected to the Psycho- Medical Psychology of our forefathers.6 affable PsychologyThe field of con of mixer Psychology is defined as a systematic study of the nature and causes of human fond deportment. Primarily, its concern is almost human social behavior. It includes a peck of matters regarding the psyches impact on other raft, the processes of social interaction and the relationship that exist between man-to-mans in the society. It is n ot just concerned with the nature of social behavior but also with its causes. The study seeks to unravel the reasons and pre conditions of social behavior. It also depicts the analysis of social behavior in a dynamic means. It relies on methodologies, findings, experiments and surveys. In petition what the study is all nigh its 4 main concerns were also considered as a means of knowing it clearly. Basically it is about the impact that one individual has on some other, the impact that a assemblage has on its members then vice versa and the impact of a group to some other group.7In the context of the discipline in a working definition. Psychologists focus their attention in understanding the behavior of individuals within the context of society. It is primarily concerned with the understanding of the how and why individuals behave, think and tint as the way they do. In dealing with behavior we mean feelings and thoughts as well as overt actions.8Consequently, it is defined as a scientific study of how a souls behavior, thoughts and feelings are influenced by several factors that can be real or imagined in the form or the presence of others. The field looks at behavior and mental processes including the social world in which we exist, as we are surrounded by other whom we are connected and by whom we are influenced in so many ways. It focuses on influence.9The definition of affable Psychology in the Filipino context was explained through the interview that I have conducted. According to Ms. Leslee Natividad from the Department of Social Sciences, University of the Philippines, Los Baos ,when I asked her what is the role of Filipino Social Psychology in the deeper understanding of Filipino behavior? She gave me a definition to answer the incertitude .First we have to define first what Social Psychology is soSocial Psychology is the study of how individuals affect the society and how the society is affecting the individual .If were going to relate Filipi no into that on how the Filipino is affected by the society that we have here in the Philippines and maybe in the world in general. Now the world and the Philippine society affect the Filipino individual. As a soul, e rattlingthing that we are experiencing around us. Things that we are seeing, things that we are hearing, things that are affecting each and e very moment of our lives that is part of Filipino Social Psychology. All of our behavior is shaped by the kinds of experiences that we have.103 Main Areas of Social PsychologySocial determineIt is the way in which other people affect our behavior. It is a process through which the presence of others can directly or indirectly influence an individual. These are ways in which other people affect our behaviors through thoughts and actions. How we are raised by certain people to whom we interact can affect our behavior. It varies with Conformity, abidance and Obedience.Conformity which pertains to the changing of ones own behavior to more closely match the actions of others, Several studies suggest that individuals impart change their behavior to conform to those of the group. They can be influence by private vs. face-to-face contact Plus, the gender and culture. Compliance is the act of changing their behavior due to another person or group asking them to change. Particularly, it happened when there is absence of potential and power. Obedience is also a way of changing behavior at a direct order of an authority figure.Social CognitionIt is defined as the ways how people thinks about other people and how they act toward other individuals. It varies because of attitudes which consist of the way a person feels and thinks as well a person behaves. Impression formation is also a part of cognition which is forming the first knowledge or judgment about a person seen for the first time. Attribution is the process of explaining self behavior or others. They use this to make sense of the social world through mental processes.11What was once called the objective world is a sort of Rorschach ink blot, into which each culture, lack system of science and religion, each type of personality, reads a implication only remotely derived from the shape and color of the blot itself.In this aspect of judgment of are beauty are based on the way we think about things. There is no universal concept or characteristics of people and object that are beautiful for them. Whatever we see around us is as much the sum total or our biases, thoughts and feelings as it reflects what physically exist. Those perceptions are active process of selecting, organizing and interpreting various bits of information so that we can create our reality.12Social InteractionIt is a way of knowing the positive and negative aspects of behavior. It is the area of Social Psychology which involves interaction and relationship between people. It includes prejudice which happens when an individual holds an unfounded and negative attitude t owards other members of the society. It also varies with discrimination as treating people differently because of prejudice. Liking and loving, aggression were also developed here.13The liking and loving in our society known as interpersonal attraction is widely observed. Each one of us is attracted to some personalities in our society. It can be influenced and proved by the similarities, position, physical appearance and familiarity of both sexes14.The nature of aggression involves hurting others. It has been defined as any form of behavior directed towards the goal of harming or injuring another living being who is motivated to neutralise such treatment. (Baron and Richardson, 1993)According to psychologists they have identified three types of aggression. Firstly, is the Person-oriented aggression wherein the main goal is intentionally hurt someone. Secondly, is pro active aggression when an aggressive behavior is done to achieve some desired outcome like gaining possession of a n object. Lastly, is Reactive aggression is the reaction of an individual to an aggressive act.15In a positive way one of the best examples of pro social behavior is Altruism. It is a helping behavior that is costly to an selfless person. It is a desire to help even there is no possible reward. It is always expected to depend on empathy. Empathy is the ability to share emotions and understand another person.16Projects of Filipino PsychologyThe first device is to develop indigenous psychological concepts. Ethnic concepts and theories can be translated into another language but deviations in meat will occur especially with respect to location. There were some concepts that Filipinos exhibited and some conflicting researchers tried to analyze and study. The first was the concept of Shame or Hiya which was studied by Frank Lynch in 1961. Sibley during the 1965 analyze this behavior. During 1981 Salazar studied it thoroughly and said that it was a complete societal feeling that is no t only motionless but also active. He showed the external aspects hiyain, ikahiya at manghiya and also the internal aspect that involves the feelings and emotions like the act of kahiya hiya and mahiyain. The second concept was Fatalism or Bahala Na. Bostrom in 1968 was the first psychologist that become inquisitive about this Filipino behavior. He compared it with American Fatalism but in Filipino Psychology it has a different orientation. Before, Osias explained way back the forties that bahala na attitude is the combination of fatalism and determinism.On the other hand Lagmay corrected it and said that for him it is not about fatalism it is more of determination and courage to face unsafe times. Lastly, is the concept of Utang na Loob which was translated by Charles Kaut into English known as debt of gratitude. Enriquez disagreed and Holnsteiner gave his opinion that utang na loob is contractual.17The second project is utilization of indigenous research methods. The role of c apital of Chile and Enriquez in building a concept of Filipino oriented research was very important. They suggested a model to be used in research. The model will serve as a guide of researchers of indigenous ways. It was divided into two scales. First is used in knowing the idea and diwa of an member of a society. It includes Pagmamasid, Pakikiramdam, Pagtatanung- tanong, Pasubok, Pagdalaw dalaw, Pagmamatyag, Pagsubaybay, Pakikialam at Pakikilahok. The other scale is for the researchers to know what will be the future or end of their study. They use several stages such as Pakikitungo, Pakikisama, Pakikisalamuha, Pakikibagay ,Pakikisangkot at PakikiisaThe third project is to create an authentic and appropriate social scientific psychology. In the deeper analysis of constructing a real version of social psychology social behavior is a must. The society of Filipinos revolves smoothly because of their Pakikisama and Pakikipagkapwa. In dealing with both concepts it has been discovered that between the two pakikipagkapwa is more important for Filipinos. It has a more deeper sense and implication. It means treating other people as fellow man. In English the context was changed. The word other perceiving the self and other self in an individualistic way.18The Bases of Filipino PsychologyPrimarily, Prior knowledge of Psychology was the first basis of Filipinos for it involves important parts of Filipino Social Psychology. The knowledge of psychology Babaylan or Catalonan for the native Filipino people was an important part of Filipino Psychology. The Babaylan was the first Filipino psychologists. Aside from this were the prayers and whispers of various ethnic groups in the Philippines. Those were rich sources and stream of Filipinos prior knowledge of Psychology. We were also used in the psychology of the Filipino literature, even if it was expressed in oral or written way. It includes proverbs, stories and legends. The values and attitudes that Filipinos inherited w ere significant bases of Psychology. It includes most of Ethnic Psychology.19Man and his ThoughtsThe second is the basis of man and his thoughts and it denotes giving importance to man and his or her ideas. This is where Filipino Psychology and Psychology in the Philippines met. Filipino psychology was a part and always been a part of the worlds psychology. This basis has a clear influence of rational psychology that has been developed and improved in the University of Sto. Tomas. This was considered as traditional philosophy rooted in the ideas of Descartes and written works of Aristotle. Psychology is an aspect of Filipino Psychology as an academic discipline in some universities in the Philippines.20 issue of changing mindIt was the third basis because it is associated with Filipino personality. There were a lot of bases seen in this period. Particularly, this basis was evident in the written works of some Filipino writers like Pedro Serrano Laktaw and Isabelo delos Reyes. Even b efore the psychology of language was seen in written outputs produced by Filipinos. It somehow showed the shallow orientation of Filipino in terms of experiences in researching and conducting studies. Filipinos should not dampen their spirits instead they should hope for some improvements.Period of giving value to societal problemsThe time of giving importance to societal problems was the fourth basis because this serves as a witness of the society. Hartendorp is one of the American psychologists who become interested in our Psychology. The theory of Osias in 1940 is about the relation of language to the society and in connection of the knowledge of paralanguage in the actions of the individuals. However, his period is also the time of some Filipino psychologists. In such a way Filipino Psychology have this sure basis and it includes the works of Isidoro Panlasigui, Sinsiforo Padilla and Alfredo Lagmay who all gave importance to the acts and capabilities of an individual.21Societal problemsProblems in the society were the fifth bases because it gave value for improvement and development. Aldaba- Lim is known for giving high value in societal problems. He often encourages Filipino psychologists to listen to the problems of the society. All doubts in his dedication will vanished if a person will examine all his efforts and contribution in some of his researches in Psychology. The period of Activism served as a witness of this basis.Language, culture and Point of viewLanguage, culture and Point of view were the sixth bases because it is the most fundamental of all bases.Filipino language and dialect is very significant because it is a witness in the many studies conducted and translated into foreign language. The field must still use medium, system and ways to guarantee the wide scope of study. Regarding culture there are none or very few Filipinos who still doubt about the language and culture of the Philippines. According to some professors and psychologists t here was this acquiescence effect in the can be seen in a scale used and answered by Filipinos. The American perspective was used in analyzing this. It must be done primarily in a Filipino oriented point of view.22The Concept of LanguageThe concept of local language as a source of concept for Filipinos is a helpful tool because it gives a clear connection to their culture. Language is not just one effective way of communication but also a rich source of information. It is an crocked basis for the better understanding and orientation of culture. It is suggested to formulate a certain Filipino concept from the broader and wider scope it has. Language is the primary source in the study of Social Psychology of Filipinos.The native language is a rich source of concepts meaningful for and significant to the local culture. As a source of insight, some concepts were turn up to be important in understanding the Filipino personality, worldview and behavior. Some of those were the concepts o f hiya(shame), utang na loob(debt of gratitude) , pakikisama(yielding to the will of the leader or the majority, bahala na (fatalism) and amor propio (sensitivity to personal affront) which even some American psychologists attempted to study those.The problem with the token use of Filipino psychological concepts in the context of a horse opera analysis is that it can lead to the contortion of Philippine social reality and can affect the education of Filipinos.It still preferable to use the language as a main resource.23Most Filipinos verbalize Filipino, the national language and English, the language for commercial and legal transactions. The Philippines is the worlds third largest English-speaking country, after the United States and the United Kingdom. Literacy rate is a high 96%.Approximately 111 languages and dialects are spoken in the country and most Manileos speak at least one other dialect besides Filipino.24The Concept of KapwaThe concept of kapwa in Filipinos is an impo rtant aspect of Filipino social life. Kapwa is reflected because interaction among other individuals especially in the Philippines is an essential aspect of social life. Language reveals a lot about Filipino nature. For this reason, social interaction should be an evocative core of analysis in the process of classifying the concept of kapwa. The Filipino language in this notch, gives a abstract division in several trains and modes of social interaction. Santiago and Enriquez identified eight in Filipino.The Levels of InteractionInteraction of Filipinos were categorized into levels namely pakikitungo (transaction/civility with), pakikisalamuha (inter-action with), pakikilahok (joining/participating), pakikibagay (in- conformity with/ in- concord with), pakikisama (being along with), pakikipagpalagayan/pakikipagmalagayang-loob (being in rapport), pakikisangkot (getting involved) and pakikiisa (being one with).25The concept of Kapwa as a shared inner self turns out to be very essent ial psychologically and philosophically speaking. While pagtutunguhan (dealing with/acting toward) is another term which can be used to refer to all levels of interaction. Besides, pagtutunguhan also connotes the most superficial level of interaction the level of amenities while pakikipagkapwa refers to humanness at its highest level(Santiago,1976)26On the other hand aside from the concept of kapwa According to Russell, In 1922 there were several explanations in bear witness forms about the high Filipino Self Concept. oneness of the most ordinary is it being the character of race as Filipinos got from the Malays. In 1965 Fox said that this is a trait of Filipino culture that is paid to be in the social context because of its fortitude to produce close family ties. .27The Concept of Human InteractionThe concept of Human Interaction includes the distinction between (Pakikisama or Pakikipagkapwa?) It is an essential part because it is very consistent in Filipinos. Aside from the good sides of interaction, previous work on Philippine values pointed our three evil characters in Philippine interpersonal relations. These are the walang pakisama (one inept at the level of adjustment) the walang hiya, (one who lacks a sense of propriety and the walang utang na loob, (one who lacks adeptness in reciprocating by way of gratitude.In a deeper analysis some studies were conducted, It was argued that pakikipagkapwa is more important for Filipinos. According to Enriquez, in spite of the fact that western psychology works in the Philippines, the use of Filipino has led to the identification of the value pakikipagkapwa which is more important that pakikisama. The barkada (peer group) would not be happy with the walang pakikisama but the Philippine society at large cannot accept the walang kapwa tao. Pakikipagkapwa is both a paninindigan (conviction) and a value. It includes all the other mentioned modes and levels of interaction. Pakikisama is a form of pakikipagkapwa but not the other way around. In fact pakikisalamuha is even closer than pakikisama in meaning to pakikipagkapwa.28Application of Filipino Social PsychologyFilipino CultureThe Social, Political, Ideational dimensions are divers(prenominal) into aspects which were exhibited by Filipinos. The study of the customs and beliefs of Filipinos serves as a function of social and economic dimension of Filipino culture. The Philippine culture is such very rich. It was very evident in the following ways. In courtship and marriage most of the Filipinos regard this as a process of love as a enatic affair. The marriage is the family affair which is measured as a success based on the number of children. Filipinos also believe in Babaylans and Catalonan which were said to posses supernatural powers to crave God. They were also fond of charms and they believe that when they perform their rites particularly on the Good Friday they will gain magical powers like anting-anting, lucky cards, stones and other stuffs. As a part of their social life they celebrate feasts to commemorate important events like Fiestas, Holy Week, New Year, Christmas and etc. It really played an essential role in the economic security and social solidarity of Filipinos. They are also known for their superstitious beliefs which are greatly connected to their rituals and ceremonies.In connection to supernatural beings they follow these beliefs to void bad luck. It was seen in birth, illness and death which control the psyche of Filipinos. In religion when Christianity was introduced by Spaniards, it became a driving force to the life of the Filipinos. They were also attentive especially when someone is sick and in need. They are afraid of what other people might say. Some of their practices include giving dowry, carrying of guns, choice of padrino and carrying bow and arrows, sibat and kris. During the time of our ethnic groups laws were also made with regards to property ownership an settling arguments.29Fil ipino ValuesFilipinos use values to fill the demand for democracy. The Filipinos are known to be hospitable. But aside from this trait, there are many other values that the Filipinos possess which help them live harmoniously with their neighbors. These have also made the Filipinos benevolent towards others due to their pleasant demeanor. The following are some of the Filipino values such as Bayanihan is the creation of an association with neighbors and helping whenever one is in bleak need. Close Family Ties are something the Filipinos are well-known for. The primary social welfare system for the Filipino is the family. Many Filipinos live near their family for most of their lives, even as independent adults. Pakikisama or harmony, involves getting along with others to preserve a harmonious relationship. Hiya is shame and a motivating factor behind behavior. It is a sense of social decency and compliance to public norms and behavior. Filipinos believe they must live up to the acce pted standards of behavior and if they fail to do so they bring shame not only upon themselves, but also upon their family. Utang na Loob or Debt of Gratitude, is owed by one to a person who has helped him great. There is a local saying Ang hindi marunong lumingon sa pinanggalinangan ay hindi makakarating sa paroroonan, meaning, One who does not look back o where he started, will no get to where he is going.Amor Propio is concern for self image. Filipinos believe that how they present themselves to others is an important aspect to be accepted in society. Delicadeza or sense of propriety refers to sensitivity regarding the limits of proper behavior or ethics in a situation. Filipinos try to avoid even the appearance of impropriety. Palabra de Honor or word of honor is very important to the Filipinos. They believe that one must keep their word whenever they make a promise for the person to whom one has made a promise will count on it.30Filipino FamilyThe study of Filipino Family is va luable because they value family relationship. In a traditional Filipino family, the father is considered the head and the provider of the family while the mother takes responsibility of the domestic needs and in charge of the emotional growth and values formation of the children. Children see their mot